tics

tics are spasm-like contractions of muscles most commonly involving the face, mouth, eyes, head, neck or shoulder muscles. tic movements often appear to be intentional but in fact are not under the control of the person making them.

there are two kinds of tics, motor and vocal.

motor tics can be simple or complex. simple motor tics involve only one muscle group. they can be embarrassing or painful (such as jaw snapping).

simple motor tics include:

01. quick eye blinks or eye jerks
02. tongue movements, including sticking out the tongue
03. head twitches or head jerks
04. squatting and hopping
05. shoulder shrugs

complex motor tics can be a combination of many simple motor tics or a series of movements that involve more than one muscle group. complex motor tics are slower and often appear as if the person is doing the movement intentionally. these type of tics can interfere greatly with daily life and may be harmful (such as head banging or lip-biting).

complex motor tics include:

06. facial grimacing
07. touching people or things
08. obscene gesturing or gyrating movements

vocal tics can be simple or complex.

simple vocal tics involve sounds made by moving air through the nose or mouth, including grunting, barking, hissing, sniffing, snorting or throat clearing.

complex vocal tics may involve words, phrases and sentences. patients with a complex vocal tic may repeat their own words (palilalia) or other people's words (echolalia) and may use obscene words (coprolalia). these vocal tics may interrupt the flow of a normal conversation or occur at the beginning of a sentence, much like a stutter or a stammer.

complex vocal tics include statements,
such as "yeah, that's right," or "now you've got it."

stereotypy

01. eyebrows
02. eye blinking
03. staring
04. flared nostrils
05. mouth twitching
06. lip puckering
07. biting
08. chewing (including tongue and cheek)
09. bonbon sign
10. mouth opening
11. teeth grinding
12. tongue in and out
13. tongue, sustained protruding
14. putting fingers to lips
15. putting other objects to lips
16. putting fingers into mouth
17. putting other objects into mouth
18. grimacing
19. head rolling
20. head tilting
21. other head/neck stereotypy
22. other head/neck stereotypy
23. hand flapping
24. hand wringing
25. finger wiggling
26. slapping objects
27. patting thighs
28. clapping hands together
29. rubbing fingers on surfaces
30. rubbing thighs
31. covering eyes with hands
32. covering ears with hands
33. covering nose with hands
34. covering mouth with hands
35. spinning objects
36. toe wiggling
37. patting foot on floor
38. rubbing foot on floor
39. rubbing foot on items other than floor
40. rubbing feet together
41. crossing legs
42. foot eversion
43. foot inversion
44. body rocking
45. tip-toe walking
46. forceful breathing
47. smelling, sniffing
48. bronx cheer
49. other stereotypy

mannerisms

these have two things in common:

they are physical manifestations of simple nervousness.
they are performed unconsciously.

01. move around a lot
02. gripping or leaning on the lectern
03. tap on the table podium
04. speak too fast or too slowly
05. become speechless
06. pause inappropriately
07. repeat yourself
08. make strange facial expressions
09. shake shudder
10. become stiff
11. sweat
12. a quick smile in greeting or nervousness
13. greeting everyone with a hug or handshake
14. adjusting hair or clothing
15. play with objects in pockets
16. toying with coins or jewelry
17. a toss of the head or head wagging
18. frowning
19. lowering the eyes flirtatiously or timidly
20. inner cheek biting
21. lip biting or lip licking
22. blowing breath out through the mouth in exasperation
23. say “uh or uhm”
24. giggle
25. breath heavenly
26. cracking knuckles
27. snapping fingers or tapping a finger
28. biting fingernails
29. wave hands or arms
30. gesture inappropriately
31. tapping with your foot or feet

frustration

a continuing or unresolved motivational conflict, thwarting circumstances rather than their consequences; results of obstacles, deficiencies or conflict; immediate consequences of frustration

symptoms or signs of frustration:

1. restlessness
a. excess of movement
b. fidgeting (druk, gejaagd)
c. whimpering (dreinen)
d. sighing (zuchten)
e. complaining (klagen)
2. tension
a. blushing (blozen)
b. trembling (trillen)
c. clenching fist (vuist maken)
d. thumb-sucking
e. nail-biting
f. smoking
g. chewing gum
3. aggression
a. kicking
b. knocking
c. hostile attack
direct vs indirect = displaced aggression
4. destructiveness
a. breaking
b. destroying
5. apathy
a. indifference
b. withdrawal
c. inactivity
d. inattentiveness
6. fantasy
escape into a dream world
a. reciting nursery rhymes
b. pin-up girls
7. stereotypy
a. reward (positive reinforcement)
b. punishment (negative reinforcement)
discrimination vs frustration experiment
8. regression
a. retrogression
b. primitivation

conflict

when two motives conflict,

the satisfaction of one leads to the frustration or blocking of the other

1935 lewin

1. approach-approach
both incentives positive
the nearer to a positive incentive
the stronger the approach reactions
2. avoidance-avoidance
both incentives negative
the nearer to a negative incentive
the stronger the avoidance reactions
withdraw reaction + indecision + vacillation
3. approach-avoidance
positive + negative aspect of an incentive
ambivalent attitude
to-and-from-tendency
4. double approach-avoidance
both incentives positive, but choosing one
give rise to the anxiety to loose the other

1942 brown 1948 and 1959 miller

the concept of the gradients of approach and avoidance

the slope for avoidance is much steeper than for approach

1. tendency to approach a positive incentive

is stronger the nearer the subject is to it
2. tendency to go away from a negative incentive

is stronger the nearer the subject is to it
3. the strength of avoidance increases more rapidly

with nearness than does that of approach
avoidance-gradient is steeper than the approach-gradient
4. the strength of the tendency to approach/avoid
varies with the strength of the drive upon which it is based
increased drive raises the height of the entire gradient

approach-avoidance conflicts in our society

1. independence vs dependence
2. cooperation vs competition
3. impulse expression vs moral standards